Understanding HIFLD Station Records and USFA Statistics
Federal fire data is collected by multiple agencies with different methodologies. Understanding what each dataset measures, and what it misses, is essential for drawing accurate conclusions about fire protection in your area.
Leading causes of US home fires
Share of residential fires by cause
- Cooking
Cooking
49 % of fires
- Heating Equipment 15
Heating Equipment
15 % of fires
- Vehicle Fires 14
Vehicle Fires
14 % of fires
- Electrical & Lighting 9
Electrical & Lighting
9 % of fires
- Intentional (Arson) 8
Intentional (Arson)
8 % of fires
- Smoking Materials 6
Smoking Materials
6 % of fires
- Wildland & Brush 5
Wildland & Brush
5 % of fires
- Candles 4
Candles
4 % of fires
What this shows Cooking is the leading cause, accounting for 49% of US home fires. Smoking materials cause a far larger share of deaths than fires — a reminder that the most common causes are not always the deadliest.
Background and Context
Federal fire data is collected by multiple agencies with different methodologies. Understanding what each dataset measures, and what it misses, is essential for drawing accurate conclusions about fire protection in your area. PlainFireData draws from HIFLD, USFA, and FEMA datasets to provide fire department profiles, state fire safety rankings, and grant award histories. This guide explains what the data reveals and how to interpret it responsibly.
Fire service in the United States is highly decentralized. There is no single national fire department. Instead, over 25,000 individual departments serve communities ranging from dense urban cores to remote rural areas. Federal data captures the scale of this distributed system, but each department operates independently under state and local authority.
Understanding this landscape requires knowing what each federal dataset measures, what it misses, and how to cross-reference sources for a more complete picture. The following sections break down the key concepts and data dimensions relevant to this topic.
What Federal Fire Data Shows
What it tells you: HIFLD station-level data includes location, personnel counts, truck inventory, and EMS designation for over 53,000 fire stations. USFA provides state-level aggregates: total fires, fire deaths, injuries, and property losses. FEMA grant data shows which departments receive federal funding and for what purposes. Together, these sources create a multi-dimensional picture of fire service capacity across the country.
What it doesn't tell you: Federal data does not capture response times, training levels, equipment condition, or the quality of mutual aid agreements between departments. Staffing numbers in HIFLD reflect reported figures that may not match current rosters. Volunteer departments may show zero paid staff while having dozens of active volunteers.
How to use it: Browse fire department profiles for your area to see station counts, equipment, and personnel. Check state fire statistics for context on fire safety outcomes in your state. Review county coverage maps to understand the geographic distribution of fire stations near you.
Key Metrics and How to Interpret Them
When evaluating fire department data, several metrics provide the most insight. Station count per square mile indicates geographic coverage density. Personnel count (career vs. volunteer) indicates response capacity. Truck inventory (engines, ladders, tankers) indicates equipment capability. FEMA grant history indicates investment in modernization and training.
However, these metrics must be interpreted in context. A rural volunteer department with 2 stations covering 200 square miles serves a fundamentally different mission than an urban career department with 15 stations covering 30 square miles. Comparing them by the same metrics without adjustment is misleading.
The most meaningful comparisons are between departments serving similar community types: urban-to-urban, suburban-to-suburban, and rural-to-rural. PlainFireData groups departments by state and county to facilitate these comparisons.
Practical Applications of Fire Department Data
Fire department data serves several practical purposes for residents, researchers, and policymakers. Homeowners can assess fire protection coverage when choosing where to live or evaluating home insurance risk. Researchers can analyze geographic patterns in fire service capacity and outcomes. Policymakers can identify underserved areas that may benefit from additional funding or mutual aid agreements.
Insurance companies use fire protection data to set premiums through the Insurance Services Office (ISO) Public Protection Classification system, which rates communities from 1 (best) to 10 (no fire protection). While PlainFireData does not include ISO ratings, the underlying HIFLD data on station locations, equipment, and staffing is one of the inputs ISO uses in its classifications.
What This Means for You
Step 1 — Look up your area. Search for your county or department on PlainFireData to see what fire stations serve your community, their equipment, and their staffing model (career, volunteer, or combination).
Step 2 — Check state context. Visit the state page to see how your state compares on fire deaths, property losses, and department density. States with higher fire death rates may indicate systemic coverage gaps.
Step 3 — Review grant history. Departments that receive FEMA grants are investing in modernization. Check if departments in your area have received recent funding for equipment, training, or recruitment programs.
Step 4 — Understand limitations. Federal data is a starting point, not the complete picture. Contact your local fire department for current staffing, response times, and community programs. In an emergency, always call 911.
Underlying Data Sources for Reading Department Records
Department-level records on this site combine three federal data streams. The Homeland Infrastructure Foundation-Level Data (HIFLD) Fire Stations dataset provides station-level records with personnel, apparatus, and EMS designation populated by state submissions to the Department of Homeland Security. The U.S. Fire Administration's National Fire Department Registry provides department-level metadata including the official Fire Department Identification Number (FDID), department type classification, and registration status.
Department aggregation from HIFLD station records uses the FDID as the primary key. A department typically operates multiple stations under a single FDID; aggregation sums personnel and apparatus across all reporting stations for that FDID. Sub-station and training-facility rows are filtered out via name-pattern and impossibility-ratio checks (per the data-integrity safeguard introduced in May 2026).
FEMA Assistance to Firefighters Grants data through OpenFEMA adds federal grant award history per FDID. Match accuracy between award records and current department names is approximately 92%; unmatched awards typically reflect recent name changes or department mergers and require manual reconciliation against the OpenFEMA per-record detail.
We refresh HIFLD station data when DHS/CISA publishes an update (annual to biennial cycle), USFA registry on each USFA refresh, and FEMA AFG records weekly. See the methodology page for current vintage and data-integrity protocol.
Frequently Asked Questions
Where does PlainFireData get its fire department data?
Three federal sources: HIFLD (DHS/CISA) for 53,000+ stations, USFA for state-level fire statistics, and FEMA OpenFEMA for grant awards.
How current is fire department data?
HIFLD is updated periodically by DHS/CISA. USFA statistics reflect the most recent reporting year. Some stations may have changed since the last update.
Why might my local department not appear?
HIFLD coverage is not 100%. Smaller volunteer departments may not report. Absence from PlainFireData does not mean a lack of fire protection. Contact your local department directly.
Regional Variations in How Departments Report Their Data
Department-level data quality varies significantly by state. The HIFLD Fire Stations dataset is populated by state submissions to the Department of Homeland Security, but states differ in how completely they participate and how frequently they refresh. States with active state fire-marshal registration mandates (Pennsylvania, Ohio, Wisconsin) tend to publish more complete and current rosters; states that rely on voluntary disclosure (typically Mountain West and Southern states) show more variable currency.
The U.S. Fire Administration's National Fire Department Registry has similar regional variability. Career-staffed urban departments tend to report comprehensive data; small all-volunteer companies often skip optional fields like apparatus inventories or EMS designation. Reading per-department records, look for "data not available" markers — they usually indicate the department has not updated its registry record rather than that the data point is genuinely zero.
Federal grant data through OpenFEMA is the most consistent across states because the source is FEMA's own award records rather than state-level rollups. Match accuracy between awards and departments depends on FDID consistency: when a department updates its name, the FDID typically persists, but legacy awards may carry the old name and require manual reconciliation. PlainFireData's department-detail pages flag any awards whose recipient name differs from the current department name.
Methodology note: cross-state comparisons should normalize for these reporting-pattern differences. Rankings that compare states without adjustment may show high-reporting states like Pennsylvania artificially elevated relative to low-reporting states like Mississippi, even when the underlying capacity is comparable. See the methodology page for our normalization adjustments.
Sources: HIFLD, Fire Stations; USFA, National Fire Statistics; FEMA, Assistance to Firefighters Grants.
Last updated: April 2026
